State of Jersey Report 2005 – 2010.

Department of the Environment

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Further Information

To receive a hard copy of the full report or to request any other information on any aspect of the report, please contact:

States of Jersey

Department of the Environment Howard Davis Farm

La Route de la Trinite

Trinity

JE3 5JP

Jersey C.I.

Tel: (01534) 441600

Email envenquiries@gov.je

Or visit www.gov.je/Environment

Publication date: December 2011

Foreword from the Minister

The Chief Minister, in his recent policy statement, asserted that: "The Environment Department must become the environmental conscience of our government and our community".

As Minister responsible for the Department of the Environment, I am very willing to take up this role and am pleased to publish this comprehensive report on the progress made across a wide range of environmental areas over the last six years.

Since 2005, major strategies have been debated and agreed in respect of waste management, water resources legislation, transport, the rural economy and a new Island Plan and the Eco-Active campaign and brand is now well recognised.

Whilst good progress has been made, there is still much to do, and each section of this report includes details of policies that need to be developed and extended over the next five year period.

Environmental policies centre on the wise use of resources. Jersey has made an international commitment to the Kyoto protocol in respect of reducing "greenhouse gas" emissions. Achieving the target set by Kyoto will require substantial changes to the way that we use energy into the future and the policies developed within the forthcoming Energy Strategy must address this fundamental issue.

Our consumer society encourages us to discard items that are still useful in order to purchase the latest version. These "waste" items are not waste, but recoverable resources. The government must lead the way in encouraging the minimisation of waste wherever possible. Facilities and activities need to be expanded to ensure that individuals and businesses can easily play their part in recycling "waste" materials.

The recent dry spell has underlined the importance of careful water management. In addition to water metering, techniques such as rain water harvesting, grey water systems and Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS) will need to be incorporated into future water use strategies.

The challenges over the next five years are substantial. We will continue to monitor our progress and will set increasingly stringent targets during this time.

Robert Duhamel

Minister for Planning and the Environment Department of the Environment December 2011

CONTENTS

How this report is structured.........................................................................7 The indicators at a glance ............................................................................8 Summary of Environmental Performance 2005 -2010................................11 Environmental Challenges identified for 2011 - 2015.................................15

1. Energy andClimate..............................................................................20

1. The Indicators..................................................................................21

1. Energy use...............................................................................21
2. Greenhouse gas emissions......................................................23
3. Trends in the weather...............................................................25

2. Update on 2005 environmental priority and key actions..................33

1. Introducing energy efficiency measures...................................34
2. Exploring the potential for renewable energy ...........................35
3. Preparing for the effects of climate change..............................35

3. The environmental priorities and key actions for 2011-2015 ...........37

1. An Energy Policy......................................................................37
2. Developing workstreams that support carbon and energy reductions...............................................................................................38
3. Expanding the Energy Efficiency Service.................................38
4. Renewable energy....................................................................38
5. Creating a low carbon economy...............................................39
6. Planning and building bye-laws................................................40
7. Future Proofing.........................................................................40

2. Marine and Fresh Waters.....................................................................44

1. The Indicators..................................................................................45

1. Drinking Watersupply ..............................................................45
2. Fresh water management.........................................................49
3. Fresh water quality...................................................................51
4. Marine Water Quality................................................................60
5. Ramsar sites ............................................................................71

2. Update on 2005 environmental priority and key actions..................74

1. Water Resources Law..............................................................74
2. Pollution prevention..................................................................75
3. Marine Waters..........................................................................76

3. The environmental priorities and key actions for 2011-2015 ...........77

1. Fresh Water..............................................................................77
2. Marine Waters..........................................................................78

3. Waste.....................................................................................................79

1. The Indicators..................................................................................80

1. Waste Management .................................................................80
2. Total solid waste arisings per capita.........................................81
3. Recycling..................................................................................84
4. Pollution fromwaste.................................................................90

2. Update on 2005 environmental priority and key actions..................94

1. Replacement of disposal facility at Bellozanne.........................94

2. Waste management standards.................................................94
3. Improvements in recycling rates...............................................96

3. The environmental priorities and key actions for 2011-2015 ...........97

1. Develop a new Liquid Waste strategy to include renewal of Bellozanne liquid waste treatment plant .................................................97
2. Review and revise Solid WasteStrategy..................................98
3. Continue to abide by internationally agreed standards in future waste management planning..................................................................98
4. Continued improvement in recycling rates................................98
5. Waste minimisation targets will be considered in the Solid Waste Strategy Review......................................................................................98

4. Transport.............................................................................................100

1. The Indicators................................................................................101

1. Transport Choices..................................................................101
2. Atmospheric pollution from transport......................................106

2. Update on 2005 environmental priority and key actions................108

1. Sustainable Travel and Transport Policy................................108
2. Introduction of Vehicle Emissions Duty ..................................108

3. The environmental priorities and key actions for 2011 to 2015......109

1. Implementation of Sustainable Transport Policy ....................110
2. Implementation of Island Plan Policies...................................111
3. Monitoring of atmospheric pollution........................................112

5. Natural Environment ..........................................................................116

1. Overall land cover..........................................................................116
2. Protecting the Island's natural and built heritage...........................117
3. The indicators................................................................................120

1. Improving the biodiversity of the working countryside ............120
2. The Working countryside........................................................124
3. Access to the Countryside......................................................125
4. Species protection..................................................................126
5. Populations of key species.....................................................128
6. Non-indigenous invasive pests and diseases.........................136

4. Update on the 2005 environmental priorities and key actions.......139

5. The environmental priorities and key actions for 2011 to 2015......142

1. Species Protection- Legislation andPolicy.............................142
2. Habitat Protection – Legislation and Policy ............................143
3. Changes in the Working Countryside.....................................144
4. Long term monitoring of species andhabitats........................145

6. ECO-ACTIVE........................................................................................149

How this report is structured

Welcome to the second edition of the State of Jersey Report 2011 which provides an update on the first State of Jersey Environment Report which was published in January 2005. This report covers the 6 year period from 2005 to the end of 2010.

This report is published under the Eco-Active banner, as part of the Department of the Environment's commitment to providing environmental information to the community. This report will be available as a download on the www.gov.je website and a limited number of copies will be made available in libraries. Further information about the Eco-Active campaign can be found in the final chapter of the report and on www.gov.je .

The 2005 Report was Jersey's first environmental benchmark report. It examined the state of Jersey's environment and identified environmental priority areas that would be monitored using a set of environmental indicators. The priority areas identified were:

We have used a traffic lights system; red, amber or green (RAG), to give a quick view of how each indicator is performing; red meaning static or a declining trend; amber meaning static or slight change; green representing increasing trends or good performance. The RAG table on the following pages gives a snapshot of the indicators divided into the different theme areas.

The report is divided into five chapters. Each chapter is structured in the same way.

• Introduction;

• Update on indicators;

• Report back on the progress made between 2005 - 2010;

• Priority actions for the next period 2011-2015.

The next State of Jersey report will present the progress made in the five environmental priority areas which will continue to be monitored using the indicators in this report. The report will cover the period 2011 to 2015 and will be published in 2016.

• Energy and Climate;

• Fresh and Marine Waters;

• Waste;

• Transport;

• Natural Environment.

The indicators have been refined over the reporting period and this report presents an update on the environmental performance in each of the areas listed above.

The indicators at a glance

This table provides an overview of the trend for each of the indicators over the period, 2005 – 2010. The table reports progress using a traffic light; red, amber, green to give an overview of progress for each indicator. The symbols alongside the indicator show the trend that has been reported.

Full details of each indicator are included in the relevant chapter of the report and they provide much more information on the way the data has been collected and interpreted.

Summary of Environmental Performance 2005 - 2010

The information from the indicators provides a valuable resource for identifying trends and challenges for the environment in Jersey. The indicators will continue to be monitored over the coming 5 years to provide information on trends and an update on environmental performance.

1. Energy and Climate

The consumption of energy has a profound effect on quality of life, the economy and social equity. Jersey's population, like most of the developed world, is dependent on hydrocarbon fossil fuels to support industrialised economies and food production. Greenhouse gases (GHGs) are produced when energy is extracted from hydrocarbon sources and the overwhelming evidence is that these GHGs are causing the climate to change in a way that will most likely have significant and detrimental effects on global ecosystems and human habitation of the planet.

Jersey is a signatory to the Kyoto Protocol signalling to the international community that it wishes to take action and reduce the Island's emissions of GHGs. Critically the local consumption of hydrocarbon energy must be reduced alongside other longer term options like switching to renewably generated energy. The benefits of a reduction in imported hydrocarbon energy are threefold and centre on security of supply, affordability and sustainability.

Jersey is preparing an Energy White Paper which will propose internationally acceptable emissions reduction targets. The EU members have set a reduction target for 2050 of 80% lower than 1990 levels.

Current local emissions trends on their own will not lead to sufficient reductions in GHGs to achieve the EU targets and far more radical steps need to be taken if the Island is to achieve the substantial emissions reductions that other jurisdictions are signed up to. These are likely to include switching to utility-scale renewably generated energy alongside technological advances for example increased numbers of electric vehicles so reducing the amount of emissions arising from road fuel.

Analysis of meteorological data has shown that the Island's weather appears to be displaying patterns consistent with global patterns of climate change, particularly the marked warming trend over the last 30 years.

2. Waste - High Levels of Waste Production.

Excessive waste generation represents a misuse of resources. It causes pollution and carries a financial cost for its treatment. Locally total non-inert waste generated increased year on year until 2008 when changes to the global economy affected this growth trend. As the economy

recovers and the number of local households increases, there is predicted to be a rise in solid waste, which will need to be addressed

In 2010 108,158 tonnes of inert material was received and used in the filling of the La Collette reclamation site and 60,229 tonnes of material was separated and reused as secondary aggregates. This figure is fairly typical of previous years but varies depending on the activity in the construction and earth moving market.

Initial efforts to encourage recycling have been implemented and have shown that the people of Jersey do support the reduce, reuse and recycle' programme. The Solid Waste Strategy set a recycling target of 32% by 2009 which was achieved in that year. However, a recycling rate of 31% was recorded in 2010. Recycling rates in Jersey are comparatively low in comparison with other jurisdictions and Jersey must continue to increase the range of facilities available for domestic and commercial recycling.

3. Fresh and marine waters

The average annual quantity of water available per person (approximately 440 m3 water)

makes Jersey one of the driest places in the UK. On average, 97% of the Island's public water supply is from surface water sources which are largely derived, and thus reliant, upon a high groundwater level.

The Water Pollution (Jersey) Law 2000 has successfully been used to tackle the reduction of point source pollution. The total number of reported pollution incidents peaked at around 160 incidents per year during the three years after the Law was introduced. Thereafter the number gradually reduced to around 100 incidents per year (2004-2010).

However, data shows that Jersey still has elevated levels of nitrate in streams and groundwater compared to many other places, and certainly higher than most places in Europe. Although not the sole source, agricultural sources in the Island are significant, because agriculture accounts for over 50% of the land coverage. A large scale project with the Department of the Environment and the agricultural industry is underway to tackle this issue.

Jersey's 800 square miles of territorial waters support not only unique and varied ecosystems such as those attracting international recognition e.g. designation as Ramsar sites, but that also support a vibrant fisheries and aquaculture industry.

Continued and significant steps are being taken to balance environmental and economic success with the adoption of the Coastal Zone Management Strategy in 2009 alongside the Granville Bay Treaty. This Treaty acts as a mechanism to conserve and enhance the local fishing industry on a regional scale involving negotiation with the neighbouring French administrations.

Despite considerable progress in the last few years there are some major issues that need to be addressed in the short and medium term. These are;

• protecting over-exploited fish stocks and marine biodiversity,

• mitigating any potential effects of maritime renewable energy projects,

• climate change and maintaining existing fisheries, and

• treaties, Memoranda of Understanding and international agreements.

4. Transport

In recognition of the challenges associated with transport, the Sustainable Transport Policy (STP) was formally adopted by the States in 2010. Road transport accounts for over one third of final energy consumption in Jersey and is the key contributor to air pollution. Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) and particulates (PM10 and PM2.5) from road transport emissions present the greatest challenge to Jersey in terms of improving air quality.

The draft Air Quality Action Plan developed by the Environment Department in 2010 -2011 identifies the need, as a minimum, for the protection of human health, to monitor both Nitrogen Dioxide and particulates (PM10 and PM2.5) pollutants.

Implementation of the recommendations within the STP will improve air quality both by reducing the amount of road traffic and by increasing the number of

low emission vehicles. The STP sets an overall target of reducing peak hour traffic levels to and from St Helier by 15% by 2015. The electric car market is moving towards the commercial production of all-electric vehicles and it is likely that these innovations will reduce the impact of personal car use where it is unavoidable.

Vehicle Emissions Duty (VED) was introduced in September 2010 to encourage the purchase of low emission new vehicles. European legislation also requires new models of vehicles to be extremely fuel efficient. The States of Jersey car fleet has moved substantially to low emission / high efficiency small petrol or diesel cars in the last 2 years reducing emissions as well as making efficiency savings. This is an example of environmental practice making good business

sense.

5. Natural Environment

Jersey protects its natural environment in various ways, but the Island Plan 2011 is the main document which addresses the tension between the protection of biodiversity, habitats and the character of the coast and countryside and the pressure for new development.

The Island Plan, approved by the States in June 2011, is based on a set of strategic principles which promote a more sustainable pattern of development in the Island that ensures the optimal use of already developed land whilst meeting the Island's development needs and reducing the need to travel.

This should help to ensure that the development pressure on the Island's most sensitive coast and countryside locations is reduced and that there is a strong policy regime to ensure the protection of these environments and their inherent biodiversity.

It also responds to the strong public concern expressed in recent years about the loss of greenfield land to meet, for example, the Island's housing needs, which was a feature of the 2002 Island Plan resulting in the development of agricultural land on the edge of the Built-up Area to deliver new homes. Increasing concern has also been expressed about the erosion of the quality of the Island's most sensitive landscapes and, in particular, those around our headlands and bays, through the approval of new development schemes to replace existing buildings and complexes, manifest in public events such as the Line in the Sand' campaign, organised by the National Trust for Jersey.

The new Island Plan 2011 contains a raft of new and enhanced policies to protect the natural environment, including the designation of a new

Coastal National Park and the Marine Zone, which are both subject to the strongest presumption against new and inappropriate development. The Plan also includes new policies to protect and enhance biodiversity and habitats throughout the Island, together with proposals for the designation of wildlife corridors to complement the eleven ecological sites of special interest (SSI)

already designated.

The planning process provides a transparent process for evaluating potential harm to the natural environment and biodiversity, and the requirement for environmental impact assessment, now enshrined in the Planning and Building (Jersey) Law 2002, further helps to ensure that adverse impacts of development are recognised and where possible mitigation measures are provided to address potential damage.

Over 500 hectares of the Island are managed for nature conservation by the Department of the Environment, of which 360 hectares have been designated as ecological SSIs.

Environmental Challenges identified for 2011 - 2015

This section provides a summary of the environmental challenges for 2011-2015 that are identified in the report. Further details for each of these challenge areas are included in the full report.

Energy and climate

Jersey must indicate to the international community that it is committed to playing its part in global actions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

In order to address this we must:

1. Agree targets for the reduction in energy use and in greenhouse gas emissions within the framework of an Energy Policy whose aim is to deliver secure, affordable and sustainable energy;
2. Continue and expand key existing workstreams that support the carbon and energy reduction targets i.e.

• Considering ways in which The Energy Efficiency Service can be applied to the able to pay sector;

• Delivering the legislative and commercial framework for the long-term exploitation of renewable energy e.g. tidal and off-shore wind power;

• Continuing to deliver more energy efficient buildings and a reduction in energy use through the application

and enhancement of

planning policy and building bye-laws; and

• Moving to a low carbon economy where green skills contribute to economic diversity.

3. Future proofing - developing strategies to ensure climate resilience is incorporated into policy and decision- making.

Water – fresh and marine

Fresh water

• Ensuring security of potable supply - Working with Jersey Water to enable them to deliver wholesome water in a sustainable way,

• Managing water resources- Continue to manage and develop our understanding of Jersey's water resources to enable us to protect that resource, particularly during periods of drought, for the benefit of the Island as a whole,

• Applying a more holistic way of working - Ensure that we are delivering an integrated and holistic approach to the protection of our aquatic environment by more thematic working, for example applying the principles of the Water Framework Directive,

• Responding to identified key pressures - Continue to develop and deliver strategies to mitigate identified pressures

within the fresh (and marine) water environment,

• Encouraging stakeholder involvement and responsibility - Investigate ways to communicate with stakeholders and promote public engagement in water quality and water resources issues.

Marine Waters

• Continue to ensure compliance with legislation and conventions (e.g. OSPAR, ASCOBANS)

• Implementation of management plans for all Ramsar sites,

• Development of Marine Spatial Plan,

• Establish network of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs).

Waste and recycling

• Develop a new Liquid Waste strategy to include replacement or renewal of the Bellozanne liquid waste treatment plant

• Review and revise the Solid Waste Strategy

• Continue to abide by internationally agreed standards in future waste management planning.

• Continued improvement in recycling rates

• Set waste minimisation targets as part of the Solid Waste Strategy Review.

Transport

Progress in this area over the last 5 years has been focused on the development and adoption of the sustainable transport policy (STP) and the introduction of vehicles emissions duty (VED) to fund sustainable transport initiatives.

The challenges ahead are;

• To implement the STP,

• Implementation of the Island Plan to ensure that spatial planning supports the objective of reducing the need for car dependency,

• Ensure that the target revenue from VED is achieved (by reviewing the rate of VED) and to continue to reinvest a proportion of that money in transport programmes

The key actions are:

1. Implementation of Sustainable Transport Policy target areas:

• Bus service improvements,

• Walking and cycling infrastructure improvements,

• Workplace and school travel

plans,

• public awareness campaigns

• Reviewing car parking provision.

2. Implementation of Island plan policies;

• To ensure that development is located where it reduces the need to travel and/or provides a greater choice of more sustainable travel options;

• To deliver sustainable transport infrastructure to support and encourage walking, cycling and bus use through direct provision as part of development proposals, travel planning and/ or planning obligations;

• Including a proposal to revise

supplementary planning guidance which sets out parking standards expected in

new development, to bring about less car use.,

3. Implement air quality monitoring programme to continue to monitor emissions from vehicles;

• Review current air quality monitoring programme,

• Continue to make air quality information publicly available.

Natural Environment

The island's terrestrial biodiversity continues to suffer from encroaching development and inadequate statutory protection.

In order to address this we must:-

• Strengthen and enforce legislation for the protection of species and their habitats by reviewing the Conservation of Wildlife Law,

• Continue to support and promote agri-environmental initiatives,

• Ensure that new Island Plan policies for the protection and enhancement of the natural environment and biodiversity are given appropriate weight in decision-making,

• Continue with long term monitoring (implement a long term monitoring strategy/framework).

Strategies for Sustainability

Strategies for environmental sustainability cannot be looked at in isolation. They must recognise and create a synergy between the environment, economy and social needs. The strategies that will be developed over the coming 5 years

to address the challenges that have been highlighted in the State of Jersey report include the following:-

• Energy Policy, including a renewable energy component;

• A low-carbon economy including inward investment and Cleantech opportunities and a green workforce,

• Improved energy efficiency for all sectors,

• Compliance with Multi-lateral Environmental Agreements to raise Jersey's international reputation as an environmentally responsible jurisdictions,

• Increased diversification and growth in the rural sector alongside the protection of our natural spaces for example, the Coastal National Park,

• Developing and maintaining a regulatory regime in line with best practice and global commitments to ensure a healthy local population and

environmental quality,

• Climate Resilience to ensure resilience is incorporated into policy and decision making in recognition of a changing climate,

• Implementation of the new Island Plan to deliver a more sustainable pattern of development in the Island that ensures the optimal use of already developed land whilst meeting the Island's development needs and reducing the need to travel.

Energy and Climate

This first chapter examines the interlinked areas of energy use and climate.

The consumption of energy has a profound effect on quality of life, the economy and social equity. Jersey's population, like most of the developed world, is dependent on hydrocarbon fossil fuels to support industrialised economies and food production. Greenhouse gases (GHGs) are produced when energy is extracted from hydrocarbon sources and the overwhelming evidence is that these GHGs are causing the climate to change in a way that will most likely have significant and detrimental effects on global ecosystems and human habitation

of the planet.

Jersey is a signatory to the Kyoto Protocol signalling to the international community that it wishes to take action and reduce the Island's emissions of GHGs. One important way to achieve this is to reduce the local consumption of hydrocarbon energy alongside other longer term options like switching to renewably generated energy.

The benefits of a reduction in imported hydrocarbon energy are threefold and centre on security of

supply, affordability and sustainability:

• There will be an increase in energy security since nearly all of Jersey's energy is imported making the Island susceptible to interruptions in global energy supplies and the international price volatility associated most strongly with hydrocarbon fuels;

• For individuals, and in particular socio-economically vulnerable individuals, it is important that energy use can be managed and reduced to ensure that their energy demand remains affordable especially against a backdrop of rising global energy prices;

• Using less energy reduces the environmental impacts of that energy source;

Thus broadly we would aim to see a reduction in overall energy demand over time with an accompanying reduction in GHGs. In this chapter alongside energy and GHG trends, we look at locally recorded weather patterns which act as indicators for global climatic trends.

1. The Indicators

1. Energy use

Nearly two-thirds of all energy used in Jersey is a kind of hydrocarbon petroleum product with petrol and diesel accounting for a quarter of final energy demand. The remainder is electricity, the vast majority of which is also imported

via subsea connections from France where it is generated from nuclear and hydro sources, a small amount of on-island generation occurs at the la Collette plant from heavy fuel oil but this is below 10% of total use.

Indicator E1 – Energy Consumption

Graph 1.1 shows a long term trend of final energy consumption of petroleum products. A very clear decline can be seen in the amount of oil imported for electricity generation which has occurred because on-island generation has been largely displaced by imported electricity from France; the use of electricity is discussed further in the next indicator. The consumption of .

liquified petroleum gas (LPG) and kerosene (heating oil) have remained fairly static in the last decade whilst road fuel consumption has declined slightly due to the production of more efficient vehicles. Patterns in aviation fuel consumption and frequency of flights are less clear to interpret since planes refuel both

on and off-island.

92,000 82,000 72,000 62,000 52,000 42,000 32,000 22,000 12,000 2,000

Road fuel Aviation

Kerosene (Heating oil)

Gas oil Fuel oil

Liquefied petroleum Gas

Oil for electricity generation

Year

Source: Source Jersey Energy Trends (SoJ - Statistics Unit )

Graph 1.1: Final energy consumption of petroleum products (NB Validated data is not yet available for 2009 onwards but the current trend is expected to be maintained).

The above indicator tells us about consumption of petroleum products and consequent effects on Jersey's GHG emissions. However it does not account for non-hydrocarbon energy use i.e. imported electricity.

The most dramatic change within the electricity sector has been the growth in imported supply. Throughout most of the 1990's imports accounted for between 40% and 60% of public electricity supply, by 2008 imported electricity accounted for 96% of the total.

Imported electricity is low carbon' because it is sourced from nuclear and hydro generation rather than from the combustion of hydrocarbons. Although the environmental impacts of imported electricity are arguably far less than hydrocarbons, the issues of

.

affordability and security of supply associated with this imported energy still apply. However security and resilience issues will be further mitigated with the connection of the 3rd interconnector between Jersey

and France and the overall stability of this method of importation. Jersey Electricity PLC (JE) signed a new 10 year with Electricite de France (EDF) which, according to JE, will be significant in maintaining reliable and affordable supplies to

2023.

Following international carbon accounting practice, the (albeit a small) amount of carbon associated with electricity produced in France is accounted for by the French national GHG inventory not Jersey's since inventories are production not consumption based.

800,000 700,000 600,000 500,000 400,000 300,000 200,000 100,000 0

Total Electricity Supply

Imported electrcity

Year

Source Jersey in Figures

Graph 1.2: Jersey's total electricity supply and imports. (NB Validated data is not yet available for 2009 onwards although the current trend is expected to be maintained)

Graph 1.2 shows how overall the period 1991 to 2008. Total electricity demand has grown consumption in 2008, at 652,000 steadily over the last two decades. MWh, was some 44% higher than The increase is equivalent to an in 1991.

average of about 2% per year over

2. Greenhouse gas emissions

Jersey reports its carbon emission to AEA which is the agency that collates the UK's carbon emission data. AEA then categorize it into source' and sink' categories according to the International Panel on Climate Changes Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories data. In 2009 this data was disaggregated from total emissions and made available to Jersey providing the most accurate and detailed information to date

(including hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and perfluorocarbons (PFCs)) information. Previously the States of Jersey Statistics Unit made provisional carbon estimates based on the carbon emitted from imported energy and published these annually in the Jersey Energy Trends Report. Now the data is categorized into the different sources and converted into carbon equivalents for more easy comparison.

Indicator E2 – Trends in greenhouse gasses

Between the Kyoto baseline year of 1990 and 2009, the Island achieved a 28% fall in overall emissions (from 612,056 to 438,751 t/CO2 eq see Graph 1.3). This appears to be good progress since many countries have set targets of a 20% reduction by 2020 and the Island has already exceeded this.

But this impressive reduction in carbon dioxide emissions is mostly attributable to the one-off switch from the production of electricity on-island to imported electricity via two sub-sea cables to the French mainland in the 1990s and early 2000s (See Graph 1.2). However, the savings arising from this switch have already been banked' and any further savings will need to be made as a result of our reduced energy use and more sustainable fuel choices. Thus the reduction in GHG emissions to date is a less sustainable way to reduce emissions since they cannot be repeated. For this reason the indicator is only awarded an amber

status.

An Energy White Paper is currently in preparation which will propose emissions reduction targets. The EU members have set a reduction

target for 2050 of 80% lower than 1990 levels. For Jersey to achieve this target will require a reduction in emissions to approximately 122,000 tonnes CO2 equivalents per annum.

Given that total emissions in 2009 were approximately 438,000 t/CO2 theIsland will have to reduce its annual emissions by some 316,000 t/CO2 over the next 40 years. Current emissions trends on their own will not be sufficient to lead to this outcome and far more radical steps need to be taken if the Island is to achieve the substantial emissions reductions that other jurisdictions are signed up to.

These are likely to include switching to utility-scale renewably generated energy alongside technological advances for example large proportions of the road vehicle fleet becoming electrically powered so reducing the amount of emissions arising from road fuel. In addition, the next replacement of the EfW at the end of its design life will need to be with a technology of a lower carbon footprint.

Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Tonnes of CO2 equivalents

800,000 Waste water treatment 700,000 Agriculture

600,000 Land use, land use

change & forestry 500,000 Domestic

400,000 Commercial

300,000 Road transport 200,000 Aviation

100,000 Industrial Combustion 0 Power Stations

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Year

Source: AEA on behalf of the Department of the Environment

Graph 1.3: Jersey's Greenhouse Gas Emissions (NB verified data for 2010 is not yet available but current trends are expected to be maintained)

3. Trends in the weather

Weather is a description of the state of the atmosphere at any one moment in time, be it wet or dry, clear or cloudy, hot or cold, calm or stormy. Climate on the other hand is the statistics of these atmospheric states to give what is called the periodic norm against which we can compare the present. For instance, is it warmer, colder, wetter or drier etc? To establish the climatic norm a long record is needed, generally from a number of weather stations across the region of interest. In the case of Jersey we are fortunate to have records representative of the

Island's climate stretching back to 1894 from the Maison St Louis Observatory situated near Highlands College.

In 2004 the World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) established a set of 27 climate indices based on the measurements of the daily extremes of air temperature and daily precipitation amount. The datasets are analysed in a number of ways to establish if there are any trends or relationships between them. For example;

• whether the average diurnal variation between the maximum and minimum air temperature is changing,

• How the 95th percentile of precipitation total changes,

• How many nights in a year the minimum temperature is above a certain value and so on.

For the purposes of this report, four indicators have been chosen that reflect climate

change impacts of direct relevance to the Island;

These weather indexes are:

• The length of the growing season and average mean temperature - the number of days between the first period of 6 consecutive days over which the mean temperature is greater than 5 °C and the first period

after the 1st July of 6 consecutive days over which the mean temperature is less than 5 °C.

• The number of very heavy rainfall days - the number of days in the year when the precipitation total is greater than or equal to 25 mm.

• Warm spell duration - the number of days, with at least 6 consecutive days, when the maximum air temperature is greater than the 90th percentile. (21.5 °C)

• Cold spell duration - the number of days, with at least 6 consecutive days, when the minimum air temperature is less

than the 10th percentile. (2.9 °C).

Indicator E3 – Weather Indexes

370 360 350 340 330

45% 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0%

320 310 300 290 280 270

1894 1904 1914 1924 1934 1944 1954 1964 1974 1984 1994 2004

Source States of Jersey Meteorological Department

Graph 1.4: Growing Season Length with the red trend line showing the increasing frequency of the growing season extending over the complete year.

With any of these indices we will see a large year to year variation, but it is the trend taken over a number of years that is more important and tells us something about how the climate is changing. For example Graph 1.4 shows that Jersey's generally mild climate allows for, on average, a long growing season, around 350 days. There doesn't appear on first inspection to be much of a trend due to average length being close to the maximum of 365 days.

If we look closely and examine the number of years in any 30 year period in which the growing season has lasted the whole year, we see a different picture with longer growing seasons becoming more frequent. An indication of the general warming trend can be seen in the annual mean temperature

anomalies is shown in Graph 1.5. There is a large degree of year to year variation with, for example, a large variance, minus 1.3 °C, in the anomaly in 1917 and 1963. To gain an overall impression of the trend a 10 year running mean has been plotted smoothing out the year to year variation. The resulting line does indeed show a rising trend though not consistent over the whole period. A slow increasing trend is noted from 1903 to 1980 during which six years show an anomaly equal to or greater than 0.5 °C above the 1961 - 1990 period average. From 1980 onwards, a dramatic increase is seen with nineteen years between 1981 and 2010, significantly (+0.5 °C) above the 1961 - 1990 period average. The graph clearly identifies an average rise in mean temperature.

2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 -0.5 -1.0 -1.5

1894 1904 1914 1924 1934 1944 1954 1964 1974 1984 1994 2004

Source: States of Jersey Meteorological Department

Graph 1.5: Jersey Air temperature anomalies compared to the 1961 - 1990 30 year period average of 11.5 °C and a red trend line showing the rolling 10 year average.

7 6 5 4 3 2 1

0

1894 1904 1914 1924 1934 1944 1954 1964 1974 1984 1994 2004

Source: States of Jersey Meteorological Department

Graph 1.6: Number of very heavy rainfall (greater than or equal to 25 mm) days per year with a red linear trendline.

Climate Change scientists predict an increase in storminess as the global mean surface temperature and hence energy input to the atmosphere increases. What though defines storminess? Is it the strength of the wind or the amount or intensity of rainfall? For this exercise we have taken the intensity of rainfall and defined a

stormy day as one in which the rainfall is 25 mm or more. The resulting plot, shown in Graph 1.6 again shows significant variability from year to year, but this time the trend line does show a small increasing trend with evidence we are starting to see an increasing number of days with higher rainfall totals.

36 32 28 24 20 16 12 8 4 0

1894 1904 1914 1924 1934 1944 1954 1964 1974 1984 1994 2004

Source: States of Jersey Meteorological Department

Graph 1.7: Cold Spell Duration – Annual count of days with at least 6 consecutive days or more with air temperatures less than 2.9 °C

If we take all the daily minimum air temperatures recorded and rank them we can find the value for which 10% of the data lie below -

the 10th percentile. For Jersey at the Maison St. Louis Observatory this is 2.9°C. It is reasonable then to assume temperatures below 2.9°C could be termed cold. Using percentiles in this way we can compare cold spells to other localities, as we are looking at the lowest 10% of cold days in both cases. Energy usage, particularly for heating, increases in cold weather and becomes significant if .

the cold weather is prolonged - a cold spell. In this instance we have defined 6 days as the minimum duration for a cold spell and have plotted the duration of cold spells in each year. 1895 was a particularly cold year with 33 days accredited to two cold spells in January and February the second of which persisted for 26 consecutive days with minimum temperatures below freezing. Graph 1.7 shows a distinct decline in the duration of cold spells with no cold spells recorded in the years between 1996 and 2010.

48 44 40 36 32 28 24 20 16 12 8 4 0

1894 1904 1914 1924 1934 1944 1954 1964 1974 1984 1994 2004

Source: States of Jersey Meteorological Department

Graph 1.8: Warm Spell Duration - 6 days or more with air temperatures greater than 21.5 °C with a red linear trend line

Similarly if we rank all the maximum air temperatures we can find the value above which the highest 10 % of the data fall - this

time the 90th percentile, in Jersey's case 21.5 °C. Again by choosing percentiles we can compare warm

spells with other localities. Fig 1.8 clearly shows an increase in the duration of warm spells with every year since 2001 recording at least one warm spell.

Indicator 3 – Weather Indexes

Local rainfall shows an increase in winter rainfall through the 20th century, while summer rainfall has decreased. The variability of the running mean (red line) since 1894 compared with the linear trend (straight orange line) is relatively small, without the large variation since the 1970s we noted in the temperature record. Of interest, is

that winter precipitation (Graph 1.9) has increased more than summer precipitation has decreased (Graph 1.10).

However, as water is in greatest demand in the summer this does not necessarily mean there is more useful' water on the Island

although winter rainfall can charge the water table for the summer.

600 500 400 300 200 100

0

1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020

Source: States of Jersey Meteorological Department

Graph 1.9: Jersey winter rainfall totals with a red 10 year running mean and a linear trend line in orange

450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0

1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 Source: States of Jersey Meteorological Department

Graph 1.10: Jersey summer rainfall totals with a red 10 year running mean and a linear trend line in orange line

Indicator 3 – Weather Indexes

Sea temperature has been recorded at St Helier Harbour since 1933, with a gap during the Occupation. The red trend line in graph 1.11shows a clear warming of sea temperature. It is noticeable that the 20 year running mean (orange line) shows relatively little change in sea temperature until 1989. Indeed, the 1970's and early 1980's appear to be slightly cooler than the 1950's. If the last 10 to 15 years are considered alone, there is a clear warming trend with 8 of the 10 warmest years on record occurring since 1989. Taking two respective averages highlights how

much the mean sea temperature has increased over the observation period. Considering the short time series available, it appears reasonable to take a twenty year average, which shows the St Helier mean sea temperature has increased from an average of 12.2°C between 1946 and 1965 to an average of 13°C between 1988

and 2007.

There has been a clear increase in the long term sea temperature measured at St Helier. Temperatures appear to have risen sharply since the late 1980s.

.

14.0 13.5 13.0 12.5 12.0 11.5 11.0 10.5 10.0

1933 1936 1939 1942 1945 1948 1951 1954 1957 1960 1963 1966 1969 1972 1975 1978 1981 1984 1987 1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 2005 2008

Year

Source: States of Jersey Meteorological Department

Graph 1.11: Jersey Annual mean Sea Temperatures with a red 10 year running mean

From the analysis of this set of indicators, the evidence shows that the Jersey climate has been changing over the period of the Maison St. Louis record, with an increase in warmth and winter rainfall. Variability is considerable from year to year, but it is the long

term change which may have important consequences for the environment, planning and society in general. The long-term changes are highlighted in the trends that are shown on the graphs. Which are in line with the global pattern of climate change, particularly the

marked warming trend over the last 30 years. Scientific consensus is that much of this warming is the result of human activity - the main debate has moved on and now

concerns what proportion is due to human activity and what should be done about it.

2. Update on 2005 environmental priority andkey actions

Energy and Climate (State of Jersey Report 2005)

Jersey  has  a  high  reliance  on  private  cars  for  local  transport  and  a dependence  on  fossil  fuels  for  industrial  and  domestic  uses  which contributes to local emissions of greenhouse gases.

In order to address this we must:-

1. Reduce our dependence on fossil fuels and the use of the private car for short  journeys  and  introduce  energy  efficiency  measures  which  will decrease the Island's contribution to climate change and its effects.
2. Further consider the potential for renewable energy.
3. Prepare for the local effects of global climate change: different rainfall regimes, rising sea levels, increased stormy weather and the impacts of this on our sea defences and flood prevention systems

The indicators have shown that the Island's weather appears to be displaying patterns consistent with global patterns of climate change. Furthermore Jersey's energy consumption of hydrocarbons has not significantly declined in the last five years and consequently the only large reduction in GHG emissions since 1990 is as a result of a one-off decision to import electricity rather than generate it on Island from hydrocarbons.

During 2007 to 2008 an Energy Policy Green Paper was developed and consulted upon. It recommended a number of options that described the fiscal, legislative and policy measures to achieve a goal of secure, affordable and sustainable energy. The measures

proposed fall into the following categories:

• Doing more with less – reducing energy use;

• Adopting sustainable energy solutions;

• Ensuring a secure and resilient energy supply;

• Preparing for the future and global climate change.

To help prioritise actions a bespoke energy use hierarchy was proposed, the first step of which was to reduce energy demand. Whilst work on a White Paper is still ongoing, a number of key workstreams have been progressed in the areas of energy efficiency and renewable energy

corresponding with the first two key areas of action identified in the 2005 report. Preparations for climate change are integrated into many infrastructure projects and

will be formalised with a Climate Change Adaptation Strategy that will follow on from the Energy White Paper.

1. Introducing energy efficiency measures

The Energy Efficiency Service (EES) was officially launched by the Minister for Planning and Environment in April 2009. It was funded by an annual budget of £1 million from the States of Jersey, as well as a generous seed donation of £500,000 from the Jersey Electricity Company. The scheme has initially provided grant funded energy efficiency improvement measures to socioeconomically vulnerable Islanders in their homes (the Home Energy Scheme) and in their places of care (The Community Buildings Programme for charities and not-for-profit organisations).

The first 2 years of the Home Energy Scheme has been successful.. A 100% grant funded turnkey service is delivered to eligible applicants and offers the following services:

• loft insulation;

• cavity wall insulation;

• hot water tank and pipe insulation;

• heating controls;

• draft proofing;

• low energy lamps;

• energy advice and information and heating system reviews and upgrades.

The programme is now endorsed by the leading UK organisation in this area, the Energy Saving Trust

The lifetime of the different interventions fitted in the scheme's first 2 years is of the order of 20 years depending on what was carried out. Over this period, 60 million kilowatt hours (kWh) of energy will be saved and 13,500 tonnes of carbon dioxide emissions will be avoided (this is equivalent to nearly 14% of all domestic emissions in 2009). There will also be a saving of £4 million in energy bills. This means that for every pound paid out by the programme there is a saving of £5.40 for the consumer.

In 2011 the building bye-law requirements relating to the energy performance of buildings were strengthened by the introduction of mandatory energy targets for all newly constructed buildings. Those targets seek to achieve a 23.5% improvement in the energy performance of non-domestic building and 20% improvement for

dwellings.

Changes have also been made to the bye-laws making it a requirement for all newly constructed dwellings to have a copy of the calculated energy rating displayed in the dwelling at completion of the work, to increase awareness of energy use.

2. Exploring the potential for renewable energy

The Energy Policy Green Paper identified the potential for the exploitation of renewable energy on a large enough scale to displace fossil fuel imports in the long-term. This led to the Minister for Planning and Environment appointing a Tidal Power Commission in 2008 to advise him on the potential for offshore tidal energy.

The Commission, chaired by the Constable of Grouville , identified that there is substantial potential for the generation of renewable energy. However, at present the available technology to harness wind, wave or tidal power produces energy is more expensive than conventionally generated electricity. Many of these technologies, particularly tidal stream technologies, are at an early stage of development and so may be some years away from being commercially viable.

Nevertheless it was recommended that the island should be in a position to deploy renewable energy installations at the appropriate time in the future when the economics and technologies are right. Given the long lead in times for such large projects there

are some early key actions that are being undertaken.

In 2011 the Commission was re- mandated into a Renewable Energy Commission with a wider remit and key areas of work include:

• Formalising cross jurisdictional working both across the Channel Islands and the British- Irish regions,

• Exploring financial mechanisms to fund future projects,

• Putting in place the legislative frameworks to regulate the environmental aspects of energy extraction and the consenting and leasing regime.

• Progress has been made in the Island Plan 2011, which provides a spatial planning framework in respect of offshore renewable energy projects;

• Formalising the ownership of the sea bed with the Crown,

• Examining the potential for offshore wind energy which is a far more mature technology than tidal stream which initial investigations have focussed on.

3. Preparing for the effects of climate change

There is an inevitable degree of climate change that will affect Jersey and we will need to be prepared for this. Regardless of the success of global measures to mitigate emissions and because of atmospheric inertia and the volume of greenhouse gas emissions

already released, there will be a continued degree of climate change. The importance of accurate records of the past and present weather cannot be over emphasised if we are to continue to monitor and better understand atmospheric processes and our

climate. The Jersey Meteorological Department is committed to the collecting of high quality meteorological information and in partnership with the United Kingdom Meteorological Office contributing these to larger data sets for use in climate modelling.

Much work has already been done to ensure that the Island is prepared for the impacts that a changing climate may bring. For instance there has been a major review of the Island's coastal defences taking into account the predicted sea level rise over this century. Some of Jersey's coastal defences will need to be improved to provide adequate protection from coastal flooding. The States of Jersey Transport and Technical Services Department has a long term programme of coastal defence improvements to ensure that adequate protection is maintained

in vulnerable areas.

Whilst there are examples of how the impacts of a changing climates are being considered, such as Jersey Water's 25 year Plan and the Island Plan 2011, the lack of a co-ordinated response and Climate Change Adaptation Strategy for Jersey will need addressing over the next five years.

3. The environmental priorities and key actionsfor2011- 2015

Energy and Climate – The next 5 years

Jersey must indicate to the international community that it is committed to playing its part in global actions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions:

In order to address this we must:

1. Agree targets for the reduction in energy use and in greenhouse gas emissions within the framework of an Energy Policy whose aim is to deliver secure, affordable and sustainable energy;
2. Continue  and expand  key existing workstreams  that support  the carbon and energy reduction targets i.e.

• Considering ways in which the Energy Efficiency Service can be applied to the able to pay sector

• Delivering the legislative and commercial framework for the long- term exploitation of renewable energy e.g. tidal and off-shore wind power;

• Continuing to deliver more energy efficient buildings and a reduction in energy use through the application and enhancement of planning policy and building bye-laws;

• Moving to a low carbon economy where green skills contribute to economic diversity.

3. Future  proofing  -  developing  strategies  to  ensure  that  climate resilience is incorporated into policy and decision making.

1. An Energy Policy

Much work has been done on an energy policy over the last 5 years and a draft White Paper will be available for consultation in early 2012. The aim of the policy will be to achieve secure, affordable and sustainable energy supplies against a backdrop of global rising prices and increasing global energy insecurity. The policy will recommend long term carbon

reduction targets to guide policy decisions and fulfil Jersey's obligations under the Kyoto Protocol which the island became a signatory to in 2005. This means adopting a carbon reduction target in line with the rest of the EU of an 80% reduction on 1990 levels by 2050.

Although this is an ambitious target, this can be achieved if

Jersey makes good progress in investigating the need for

energy efficiency in existing and proportional regulation of the

new buildings as well as the micro- energy industry. There is a need to generation of renewables at the explore energy affordability issues, domestic scale alongside a long- both at the current time and looking term aim of generating utility scale to the future. An examination will renewable energy from our natural be required on who should pay for resources. affordable' energy whilst also There are also proposals to move ensuring that secure supplies are the onus to the energy industry to available to underpin economic ensure sufficient resilience growth

management alongside

2. Developing workstreams that support carbon and energy

reductions

As we have discussed key a journey towards a low carbon workstreams are already underway economy:

that underpin an energy policy and

3. Expanding the Energy Efficiency Service

The work of the EES to date has focussed on assisting the socio- economically vulnerable. Whilst they will remain the core group, if the whole Island is to reach a target of reduced energy use and emissions an extension of the work of the service into the able-to-pay sector is required. This is because the adoption of energy efficiency measures are a well documented market failure' that often require incentives to encourage take-up.

Incentives for the able-to-pay sector need not be 100% grants and a turnkey service in the same way that is critical for the socio- economically vulnerable. Awareness and advice programmes, partial incentives and

grants are key to encouraging the uptake of measures that improve the energy efficiency of the majority of the building stock.

Furthermore, if the move towards micro generation of renewables at the domestic scale is to be realised this could be enabled by support from an expanded EES. Measures are likely to include low-interest loans for the capital costs of installation. As the renewable energy industry continues to mature and the cost of technologies fall, the journey towards the domestic, decentralised generation of renewable power will become

easier.

4. Renewable energy

The work of the Renewable Energy Commission has established that the potential for Jersey to use its

natural energy resources (e.g. tidal, wind, solar, biomass) is great. The current ongoing workstreams are

researching preparations that should be made to increase the security of local energy supplies, bring about economic opportunities and reduce carbon emissions.

The Island Plan 2011 has set a spatial planning framework for utility scale installations. When the ongoing discussions about the leasing arrangements with the Crown in respect of the seabed are concluded, the production of a Marine Spatial Plan (see Chapter 2) will assist with identifying the most favourable sites for offshore

installations and help guide developers towards potential projects.

It is important that the Channel Islands work together where possible for matters of mutual interest in respect of the deployment of renewables and the export of energy to the UK or European Grid. Considerable work is being carried out by Jersey and the Bailiwick of Guernsey through the British Irish Council to ensure that the interests of the Channel Islands are being addressed.

5. Creating a lowcarbon economy

Jersey has the opportunity to transform itself into a low carbon economy with the potential for economic growth and on-island technology trials/projects as a result. This might include positioning Jersey as a leading jurisdiction for investment in low carbon technology or Cleantech' leading to perhaps for example the development of infrastructure and regulatory and legislative framework to develop an electric

design and development of new low carbon industries

vehicles sector.

A low carbon Jersey presents attractive conditions for wider economic and environmental diversification. In partnership with the private sector, a bespoke green economy could underpin a workforce with the skills and knowledge to support and maximise the opportunity for development of environmentally beneficial goods and services. These might include the retro and refit of energy efficiency measures in the built environment e.g. smart metering, the installation of renewable energy devices, eco-

6. Planning and building bye-laws

The regulation of development, through the system of planning and building control, can influence the location and form of new buildings and land use, and help to deliver a reduction in energy use and an enhancement of environmental performance. Requirements relating to conservation of fuel and power in building have existed in the building bye-laws for many years and these have been shown to be a major driver in terms of improving building standards

The spatial strategy of the new Island Plan seeks to ensure that most of the Island's development needs are met from within the existing Built-up Area which should

reduce the need to travel and provide greater opportunity for people to make many of their journeys, which might otherwise have been made by private car, on foot, by bike or bus.

The planning system can also encourage the incorporation of resource efficient design solutions into the fabric and appearance of new buildings and work is ongoing to explore the potential for the introduction of a Code for

Sustainable Homes specific to the Island.

In 2011 the building bye-law requirements relating to Conservation of Fuel and Power were strengthened to include mandatory requirements calling for the annual energy performance of all new buildings to be calculated, and for that performance not to exceed prescribed targets. Those targets need to be kept under review and reduced gradually with the aim of moving towards zero

carbon buildings.

In addition, to the initiative of introducing energy performance targets for buildings the scope of controlled building work was extended in 2011 to ensure that whenever improvements to existing buildings are proposed, or where the use of a building materially changes, that measures to improve the energy performance of that building are incorporated. It is anticipated this will have a significant impact on improving the energy performance of the existing building stock in future years and as such is something that should be continued and improved upon.

7. Future Proofing

population inhabiting a very

The impacts of climate change are different physical environment than likely to be widespread and that which we see today.

complex. The physical effects, for

example on the rural economy, are Accepting and understanding what relatively straightforward to a very different long term future understand. However, the biggest looks like is difficult. Nevertheless, challenge will be in preparing for a there is a requirement for

changed global economy and world economic, social and

environmental decision making in terms of both mitigating the impacts of climate change and adapting current practices in preparation for a changing climate.

It is anticipated that much of the ongoing work described in 1.1.3 needs to be rationalised, extended and further understood which is best dealt with under a Climate Change Adaptation Strategy which will follow on from an agreed Energy Policy.

Marine and Fresh Waters

This chapter provides information on the quality and the monitoring of Jersey's freshwater (including surface streams and groundwater) and marine water resource. It provides information about the quantity and management of the important fresh water resource in Jersey.

Jersey prides itself as being a healthy place to live. Clean streams and coastal waters play a vital role. As well as for our health, clean waters are vital for the myriad of plants and animals that live along streams and the coast and our enjoyment of the unique countryside, beaches and foreshore environment in Jersey.

The water resources in Jersey are all interconnected. Rainfall replenishes a shallow groundwater resource that in turn forms springs and streams. These are either diverted into reservoirs for drinking water or flow onto our beaches and into the sea.

All stages in the on-island' water cycle must therefore be protected.

Pollution can be split into two sources:

Point source pollution:

pollution emitted from a single and identifiable source (for example, a leaking heating oil tank in the garden, a leaking septic tank, a drum containing chemicals dumped in the stream).

Diffuse source pollution:

pollution that derives from a wider area (for example; slurry/animal waste spread to land, fertilizer spread onto a field).

All potential sources of pollution can be minimised by people being responsible and adopting good practice e.g., a simple weekly inspection of domestic oil tanks or spreading slurry correctly in dry weather and away from sloping fields near a stream.

In a small, busy island where minor pollution events can have severe impacts, prevention is definitely better than cure. Pollution prevention advice and education therefore forms a key work area in the Department of the Environment.

1. The Indicators

1. Drinking Water supply

Almost all of the island's drinking water supply comes from rainfall that flows into streams that are diverted into reservoirs. The high demand for water, and the erratic nature of seasonal rainfall, has required Jersey Water to capture and utilise most of the island streams and maximise the available reservoir storage (buffer) capacity. This includes pumping water between reservoirs to ensure that all are topped up' during times

of water scarcity.

Jersey Water also operates a desalination plant to maintain supply during particularly dry periods.

A key challenge for Jersey Water is how to ensure an adequate water supply for the future needs of an increasing population given the uncertainties of climate change.

In 2010 Jersey Water published a 25 year Water Resources Management Plan. This plan projected the water needs in Jersey for the next 25 years, identified pressures and recommended safeguard actions to achieve water security.

The plan recognised two main areas of intervention:

Managing demand (water

metering, leakage reduction etc),

Maximising supply (repair and

possible extension of Val de la Mare Reservoir etc.)

The Department helps ensure that the water supply to reservoirs is maximised by reducing potential polluting events and ensuring proper management of the groundwater/stream resource. The Department of the Environment works closely with Jersey Water.

Indicator FW1a The volume of treated drinking water supplied by Jersey Water per annum

Jersey Water commenced a

The table above provides data universal metering programme in which shows that the annual May 2010 and data to-date

volume of drinking water supplied indicates a significant reduction in by Jersey Water to its customers demand due to a change in

has remained stable during the customer water usage behaviour. past five years. The variation in

annual demand is dependant on The quality of drinking water

the levels of summer rainfall and its supplied by Jersey Water continues effect on water demand during this to be of a high standard. The period (for example dry summers quality parameters are set out in cause increased demand from the Water (Jersey) Law 1972. garden watering). These are identical to the drinking

water quality regulations in England The annual volume of water & Wales. As shown in Graph 2.1, abstracted from water resources is the overall water quality proportional to the volumes of compliance level is typically greater treated water supplied each year. than 99.8%, which is comparable The abstraction rates are within with performance levels reported those permitted under licensing by water supply companies in arrangements under the Water England & Wales.

Resources (Jersey) Law 2007,

which came into force in 2009. The As a consequence of high levels of majority (97%) of water abstracted nitrate in streams and groundwater is from surface water resources, Jersey Water currently has a

the remaining volumes being derogation under the Water derived from five boreholes located (Jersey) Law, 1972 which allows

in the sand aquifer in St Ouen's 33% of samples in any one year to Bay. exceed the 50 mg/l limit in the

mains drinking water supply (but be The stable position of the water no greater than 70 mg/l). However, demand has been due to demand there are currently measures being management measures, including; implemented through the Diffuse

Pollution Project to tackle

• pressure management, catchment losses of nitrogen. This

• water main renewal project aims to ensure that the programme, and the Island's water supply achieves

• rapid increase in the number of compliance with the 50mg/l limit for water meters. nitrate in the future.

7,550 7,500 7,450 7,400 7,350 7,300 7,250 7,200 7,150 7,100 7,050 7,000

100 99.95 99.9 99.85 99.8 99.75 99.7 99.65 99.6 99.55

Quantity of drinking water supplied (million Litres)

%

% of regulatory analyses compliant with max allowable concentrations (Jersey Water Law 1972)

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Year

Source: Jersey Water (Note: axis do not start at zero)

Graph 2.1 Drinking Water Supply and Quality (percentage compliance with legal standards as defined under the Water Jersey Law (1972))

Indicator FW1b The water table depth at measured sites

The Water Resources (Jersey) Law 2007 came into force in 2009 and provides for the protection, management and regulation of the Island's water resources. The Law also promotes the conservation of animals and plants and their habitats that rely on that resource.

The Law requires that all large abstractions (more than 15 cubic metres per 24 hour period) from surface water and groundwater be licensed and smaller abstractions

from groundwater to be registered. This enables the Department of the Environment to record the location and quantity of water abstractions. The information is used to initially estimate the annual water balance for the Island. The water balance takes into account annual recharge (the recovery of groundwater levels through rainfall) and abstraction rates. This provides an assessment of the stresses upon the Island's water resources. Thus a more informed allocation of the Island's

water resources for the benefit of Furthermore, the Law and

the whole community and the information derived from data environment is possible. This collected under the Law, will allow ensures that sufficient water will be for a long-term integrated and available for drinking, as well as for sustainable approach to be industry, agriculture and recreation; adopted for the management of the of particular importance during Island's water resources in line with periods of drought. the approach adopted in the

European Union and many other countries world-wide.

0 -2 -4 -6 -8 -10 -12 -14 -16 -18

Date

Source: States of Jersey Department of the Environment

Graph 2.2: Groundwater level hydrographs from three boreholes between 1997 and 2010 (royal blue- west (St Ouen's Bay, dark blue- centre (St John), light blue- east (La Hougue Bie).

Graph 2.2, above,shows that the island aquifer is recharged from rainfall during the winter months. This results in peak water table levels between January-March. The level then declines in the spring and summer, reaching a minimum level in the autumn.

2. Fresh water management

This section provides information of water metering for households, on how the water supply network in replacement of existing pipes and Jersey is maintained and how importance given to the

demand for water is managed; identification of leaks.

principally through the introduction

Indicator FW2a Frequency of burst water mains

Jersey has the lowest burst water main frequency in the British Isles. The industry average in England & Wales during the last five years varied between 181 and 161, compared to 53 and 26 in Jersey. The rate of burst water mains is measured as number per 1,000 km length of water mains. As Jersey Water does not have 1,000 km of water mains graph 2.3 has been adjusted up to represent 1,000 km to enable direct comparisons to be

made.

This rate of pipe bursts can be attributed to many factors, such as the age and nature of the water main, but a major factor is the ground condition. In Jersey, ground conditions are generally of very stable hard rock and shale formations. This is in contrast to many of parts of the UK, where the predominance of clay strata and associated temperature related ground movement means that burst

water mains are more likely to occur.

200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40

No of bursts

Industry average

20 0

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Year

Source: Jersey Water

Graph 2.3: Annual number of burst water mains in Jersey compared to the industry average for England and Wales

Indicator FW2b Percentage of water connections metered

A major objective for reducing water demand detailed in the Water Resource Management Plan for the next 25 years is to install meters on all water connections within a 5 year period. In May 2010, a universal metering programme commenced, that together with the other previously mentioned metering initiatives, has resulted in a significant increase in metered

connections.

The number of existing water connections having a meter installed increased rapidly between

2005 and 2010. Since 2004, all new water connections were metered. Since 2009, all existing connections were fitted with a meter when a change of account holder took place. The number of connections having a metered connection in Jersey is shown in graph 2.4

As well as changes to water usage behaviour, metering also facilitates the identification of leakage on privately owned pipe work. Without a meter such leaks would continue unnoticed.

18,000 16,000 14,000 12,000 10,000 8,000 6,000

50 45 40 35 30 25 20

No of connections

% metered

% of total connections

15 metered

10

5

0

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Year

Source: Jersey Water

Graph 2.4: Number and percentage households having a metered connection in Jersey

3. Fresh water quality

Indicator FW3a Chemical quality of groundwater

Since 1990, the Department of the Environment has monitored approximately 50 groundwater sites across Jersey on a six monthly basis.

The purpose of the monitoring programme is to collect baseline data of the quality of Jersey groundwater to determine the background levels. This enables the detection of long and short-term trends and helps identify the impact

caused by contamination or pollution incidents.

The analysis of pH and conductivity are carried out in the field, whilst other parameters such as nitrate levels are analysed by the States of Jersey Official Analyst. Water samples for pesticide and microbiological analysis are collected at selected sites. Twenty- four of the original sites are still monitored providing a data set spanning 20 years.